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Artaphernes, more correctly Artaphrenes, was the brother of Darius Hystaspis, and satrap of Sardis.
It was he who received the embassy from Athens sent probably by Cleisthenes in 497 BC, and subsequently warned the Athenians to receive back the "tyrant" Hippias.
Subsequently he took an important part in suppressing the Ionian revolt, and after the war compelled the cities to make agreements by which all differences were to be settled by reference. He measured out their territories in parasangs and assessed their tributes accordingly (Herodotus vi. 42). In 492 he was superseded in his satrapy by Mardonius (Herodotus V. 25, 30-32, 35, &c.; Diod. Sic. x. 25).