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<b>Khan</b> Khan (sometimes spelled as Xan, Han, Ke-Han) is a title with many meanings. It means commander, leader or ruler, in Mongolian and Turkic languages. Khan also means a leader of a tribe. Presently Khans exist mostly in South Asia and Central Asia. The female alternative is Khatan and Khanum. Most of Afghans (Hazaras and Pashtuns) have the name Khan. The Mongols had brought the name "Khan" in Afghanistan, which, later was adopted by locals in the country. A khan controls a khanate (sometimes spelled chanat). Whenever appropriate as ruler of a monarchy, Khan is also translated, albeit imprecisely, as king. It may also derive from "priest" in Hebrew. Originally khans only headed relatively minor tribal entities, generally in or near the vast Eurasian steppe, the scene of an almost endless procession of nomadic people riding out into the history of the neighbouring sedentary regions, mainly Europe and the Far East. Eurasia on the eve of the Mongol invasions, c. AD 1200. Some managed to establish principalities of some importance for a while, as their military might repeatedly proved a serious threat to such empires as China, Rome and Byzantium. Khan was also probably the title used by early Bulgar rulers, but is not attested in any inscriptions referring to them- the only similar title found so far, Kanasubigi, was used by only three of the Bulgarian rulers, namely Krum, Omurtag and Malamir , which were grandfather, son and a grandson, after them the title disappears. Starting from compound, non-ruler titles which were attested among Bulgarian noble class, kavkhan (vicekhan), tarkhan, and boritarkhan, scholars assume (if there was a vicekhan lol (kavkhan) so there was a khan, too) the title khan for the early Bulgarian leader. In fact, the inscriptions speak of archontеs (commander or magistrate in Greek) and knyaze (duke or prince in Slavic). The greatest Bulgar clan was the "Dulo". The Bulgar Khans came to prominence in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, when the they came to Europe. Among the best known Bulgar khans were: Khan Kubrat, founder of Great Bulgaria; Khan Asparukh, founder of Danubian Bulgaria (today's Bulgaria); Khan Tervel, "The savior of Europe"; Khan Krum, "the Terrible". "Khan" was the official title of the ruler until 864 AD, when Kniaz Boris (known also as Tsar Boris I) adopted the Eastern Orthodox faith. The title Khan became unprecedently prominent when the tribal Mongol Temujin proved himself a military genius by creating the Mongol empire, the greatest land empire the world ever saw, which he ruled as Genghis Khan. His title was khagan 'Khan of Khans', see below, but is often 'shortened' to Khan (rather like the Persian Shahanshah -also meaning 'King of Kings'- is usually called Shah, equally incorrect, in most Western languages) or described as 'Great Khan' (like the Ottoman Padishah being called 'Great Sultan'). After Genghis' death, the empire would soon start a process of gradual disintegration. Soon the Mongol element waned nearly everywhere, except in desolate regions like its native Outer Mongolia (even in China's 'Inner Mongolia') by sedentary people, and mainly Turkic, nomadic tribes that entered the scene rather like the Mongols had done before, conquering on horseback, to be in turn either sedentarized or overrun. Still, Genghis' prestige was such that a claim to descent from him was as prized as would be descent from Caesar in the West. The title Khan was also used to designate the rulers of the Jurchens, who, later when known as the Manchus, founded the Qing dynasty of China. The Mongolian title of the Qing emperors, Bogdikhan, would later be transmitted to the Russians in late 17th century. (Hsu, 1990, Rise of Modern China 4th Edition). |
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| Games Played: | 1 (0/0/1) | | | TD Diff: | -1 (0 - 1) | | | Cas Diff: | 0 (1/0/1 - 1/1/0) |
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